Annotated Bibliography and Reference page

REFERENCES

Abbott, Kenneth. "Arab Women Play a Role in War-Related Rape in
Darfur." Center of Law and Globilization. Apr. 2004. Amnesty
International. http://clg.portalxm.com/library/keytext.cfm?keytext_id=137.

Abdalla, Issam. "Culture:Zaghawa Language and History." Sudan Vision
Daily: the official website. 20 Sept. 2008. Sudan Vision Independent
Daily. http://www.sudanvisiondaily.com/modules.php?name=news&file=article&sid=3282.

Abusharaf, Rogaia Mustafa. "Narrating Feminism: The Woman question in
thinking of an African Radical." Differences: A journal of Feminist
Cultural Studies 15 (2004): 152-60. UNT electronic resources. MUSE.
UNT, Denton. http://libproxy.library.unt.edu:2735/journals/differences/v015/15.2abusharaf.html.

Bashir, Halima. Tears of the Desert. New York, NY: Random House, 2008.

Buchbinder, David. "The Road To N'djamena." Interview. Weblog post.
Responding to Threats of Genocide Today. 15 May 2008.
http://www.ushmm.org/conscience/analysis/details.php?content=2008-05-15.

"The Crushing Burden of Rape." 8 Mar. 2005. Médecins Sans Frontières.
http://www.artsenzondergrenzen.nl/usermedia/files/report%20sexual%20violence%20march%202005.pdf.

"Darfur Destroyed." Weblog post. Human Rights Watch. 6 May 2004.
http://www.hrw.org/en/node/12133/section/6.

Darfur Diaries: Message from Home. Dir. Jen Marlowe, Adam Shapiro and
Aisha Bain. Perf. Refugees and the Displaced in Darfur and Chad. Film.
2006.

"Failing Darfur." Video blog post. Human Rights Watch.
http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/features/darfur/index.html.

Heineman, Elizabeth. "The History of Sexual Violence in Conflict
Zones: Conference Report." Radical History Review 2008 (2008): 5-21.
Academic Search Complete. Duke University Press. UNT, Denton. Keyword:
Darfur.

Jen, Marlowe, Bain Aisha, Shapiro Adam, Rusesabagina Paul, and Mading
Deng Francis. Darfur Diaries: Stories of Survival. New York, NY:
Nation Books, 2006.

Mertus, Julie. "Sovereignty, Gender, Displacement." Refugees and
Forced Displacement: International Security, Human Vulnerability,and
the State. New York, NY: UN UP, 2003.

Mohanty, Chandra Talpade. Feminism Without Borders : Decolonizing
Theory, Practicing Solidarity. New York: Duke UP, 2003.

Narayan, Uma. "Essence of Culture and a sense of History: A Feminist
Critique of Cultural Essentialism." Decentering the Center :
Philosophy for a Multicultural, Postcolonial and Feminist World. By
Uma Narayan and Sandra Harding. New York: Indiana UP, 2000. 80-100.

Nicholas, Kristof. "Your comments on my Bashir column." Weblog post.
On The Ground. 30 Aug. 2008.
http://kristof.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/08/30/your-comments-on-my-bashir-column/.

Steele, Jonathan. "Violence flares in Darfur's Kalma refugee camp as a
new cycle of persecution begins." Guardian.co.uk. 27 Oct. 2007.
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/oct/27/sudan.international.

"Sudanese government attacks Kalma Refugee Camp." Damanga Coalition
for Freedom and Democracy. 18 Sept. 2008.
http://www.damanga.org/newsroom/press_releases/2008/press_090508.html.

Vickers, Jill. "Methodologies for Scholarship about Woman." Gender,
Race, and Nation : A Global Perspective. By Vanaja Dhruvarajan and
Jill Vickers. New York: University of Toronto P, 2002. 64-89.

Waal, Alex D. "Tragedy in Darfur." Boston Review. 1 Oct. 2004.
.

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Abdalla, Issam. "Culture:Zaghawa Language and History." Sudan Vision
Daily: the official website. 20 Sept. 2008. Sudan Vision Independent
Daily. .
This online newspaper gave a in depth description of the Zaghawa way
of life, history,and language. It avoided essentialism by pointing out
very specific aspects of Zaghawa people. The publication was
enlightening and helped me to grasp the Zaghawa way of life better.


Abusharaf, Rogaia Mustafa. "Narrating Feminism: The Woman question in
thinking of an African Radical." Differences: A journal of Feminist
Cultural Studies 15 (2004): 152-60. UNT electronic resources. MUSE.
UNT, Denton. .
Narrating Feminism is a history of the Sudanese Women's Union and the
founder of the organization Fatima Ahmed Ibrahim. It also discussed
the impacts of the SWU on rural women as well as urban. Abusharaf is a
Sudanese anthropologist who writes extensively on human rights with a
gender perspective and is the editor of a magazine called
Circumcision: Multiculural perspectives. She adheres to Narayans
discussion of avoidance of cultural essentialism by noting the unique
experiencesof rural Sudanese women compared to urban. She also
practicies action research. This resource helped me understand what
roles Sudanese woman were playing to provide equal rights to oppressed
woman in Sudan.

Bashir, Halima. Tears of the Desert. New York, NY: Random House, 2008.
Tears of the Desert is the personal story of a Zaghawa woman who
survived her own personal torture at the hands of the Sudanese
government and Janjaweed. Halima Bashir is a medical doctor and since
relocating to London after leaving Sudan she travels around Europe
speaking out for the people of Darfur and is attempting to gain a visa
to come to America to continue her work. She is using Freire's
methodology of conscientization which is the study of oppressive
reality by those oppressed. (GRN, 67). This resource was highly useful
to me in that it provided a very specific detailed experience of a
woman involved in the crisis who was a victim but also a courageous
intelligent women who played a very productive role in helping other
victims of the crisis, it gave me a lot of information on the Zaghawa
tribe that I focused on, and furthered my analysis of the systemic
rape that occurred in Darfur.


Buchbinder, David. "The Road To N'djamena." Interview. Weblog post.
Responding to Threats of Genocide Today. 15 May 2008.
.
Although this interview is primarily discussing the conflict in Chad,
Buchbinder analyzes the linkages between Chad and the displaced
Zaghawa from Sudan in Chad's borders. Buchbinder has made several
trips to Chad and Darfur and is a human rights activist. He discovers
linkages between two different cultural groups who have similarities
as Mohanty would have done. He also places the Zaghawa tribe on a
socipolitico continuum by comparing and contrasting the different
roles they play in the conflict on all sides. This was very useful in
my research from a Transnational theoretical framework

Darfur Diaries: Message from Home. Dir. Jen Marlowe, Adam Shapiro and
Aisha Bain. Perf. Refugees and the Displaced in Darfur and Chad. Film.
2006. This documentary was about the trip three human rights
activists took to Darfur to document the stories of people who fell
victim to the crisis situation in Darfur. Marlowe, Bain,and Shapiro
are the three students who embarked on this journey. Bain and Shapiro
are both human rights activists who have worked with different NGOs,
while Marlowe has done extensive work with conflict resolution
programs globally. They used the format of interviews, where the
personal narratives of the people were the primary source of
knowledge. This documentary was particularly helpful because of the
human face it added to the crisis which was my primary goal

Heineman, Elizabeth. "The History of Sexual Violence in Conflict
Zones: Conference Report." Radical History Review 2008 (2008): 5-21.
Academic Search Complete. Duke University Press. UNT, Denton. Keyword:
Darfur. This article was about how in order to have a greater
understanding about causes and solutions for sexual violence in
conflict zones it is important to learn about the historical
occurrences that have taken place in history that have not been
analyzed and reviewed. Heineman talks about the psychological issues
that come along with rape and the racists agendas behind sytemic rape.
Elizabeth Heineman is an associate professor of history in the UI
College of Liberal Arts and Sciences with a secondary appointment in
UI International Programs. Her methodology included empiricism by
returning to the origins of human rights and pointing out the
patriarchal ideologies. She also stresses the importance of
sociohistorical context when studying violence like Mohanty talks
about. This source was very helpful to me when setting the analysis of
rape within a transnational framework.


Jen, Marlowe, Bain Aisha, Shapiro Adam, Rusesabagina Paul, and Mading
Deng Francis. Darfur Diares: Stories of Survival. New York, NY: Nation
Books, 2006. This book was about the trip three human rights
activists took to Darfur to document the stories of people who fell
victim to the crisis situation in Darfur. Marlowe, Bain,and Shapiro
are the three students who embarked on this journey. Bain and Shapiro
are both human rights activists who have worked with different NGOs,
while Marlowe has done extensive work with conflict resolution
programs globally. They used the format of interviews, where the
personal narratives of the people were the primary source of
knowledge. They also challenged dominant discourse on the Arab/African
paradigm that oversimplifies the issue and makes solutions impossible.
This book was particularly helpful because of the human face it added
to the crisis which was my primary goal


Mertus, Julie. "Sovereignty, Gender, Displacement." Refugees and
Forced Displacement: International Security, Human Vulnerability,and
the State. New York, NY: UN UP, 2003. This essay was about the role
that states and international organizations play in the lives of the
displaced. It also gave detailed description's of woman's unique
experiences in refugee camps and provided solutions on how to better
the situations. Professor Mertus is an Associate Professor and
Co-Director of the MA program in Ethics, Peace and Global Affairs at
American University. She has wrote many acclaimed book on human rights
issues and has worked in many different countries to promote human
rights. She provides a gender analytic to refugee camps in this essay
and also points out how male hegemonic ideals contribute to the
problem of females in refugee camps being unable to utilize their own
sense of identity. This resource was very useful in helping me
understand the unique role gender plays in displacement.


Nicholas, Kristof. "Your comments on my Bashir column." Weblog post.
On The Ground. 30 Aug. 2008.
.
This blog entry was a review of Halima Bashir's novel, Tears from the
Desert. Nicholas Kristof is an American journalist, author, and a
winner of two Pulitzer Prizes. He has written for The New York Times
since November 2001 and is widely known for bringing to light human
rights abuses in Asia and Africa. He points out Halima's sense of
agency, her subjective identity of being a women and not her
victimized status as a women who was sexually violated in Darfur. I
found his thoughts on Bashir's novel poignant and included a quote
from his blog.


Waal, Alex D. "Tragedy in Darfur." Boston Review. 1 Oct. 2004.
. Tragedy in Darfur
is about the Zaghawa people and specific incidences of tragedy in
certain villages, and the ambiguous labels that Arab and African
provide concerning all the citizens of Sudan involved in the conflict.
Alex de Waal is a British writer and researcher on African issues. He
is a member of the Global Equity Initiative at Harvard University, as
well as program director at the Social Science Research Council in New
York City. De Waal is also a co-director of Justice Africa, London. He
avoids essentialism in his article and also analyzes the inaccurate
simplistic definitions of the Arab/African dichotomy. This was useful
because of his non essentialistic insights and his in depth analysis
of specific people.